Pritilata Majumder Vs Krishnapada Majumder on 23 Apr 2021

Posted on May 13 by ShadesOfKnife

Based on Apex Court decision here, Single Judge of High Court of Tripura held that the evidence of a dumb witness is a competent witness as per section 119 of Evidence Act.

[14] Evidently the petitioner was produced in court and an expert trained in sign language was also engaged by the court to interpret her evidence. As observed by the court, since the petitioner did not understand sign language she could not communicate her evidence to the interpreter and as a result the interpreter could not interpret her evidence to court. However, the petitioner was able to communicate to the court by her signs and gestures that everything of her life was known to her mother.

[15] In this emerged situation, mother [PW-2] of the petitioner is the best witness on her side. She had intimate knowledge of the signs and gestures and meaning of all expressions of her daughter who was brought up by her since her birth. None on earth other than her could better understand her daughter. The mother categorically stated at the trial that marriage of her daughter with the respondent was solemnized in a temple at Kumarghat and after marriage a daughter was born to her and thereafter the respondent left the area. Her evidence was supported by PW-3, a 70 years old man, unrelated to the petitioner who had no reason to tell lie. Moreover, the husband managed to escape. He never appeared either at the trial court or before this Court to discharge his burden. It was not unknown to him that legal proceedings were initiated by his wife against him because he was arrested in one of the cases instituted by his petitioner wife.

[16] A bare perusal of section 119 of the Evidence Act would show that a deaf and dumb witness who is unable to speak may give his evidence in any other manner intelligible to the court. It may be by writing or by signs in open court. It is evident that the mother [PW-2] and her petitioner daughter [PW-1] came to the court on the same day for giving deposition in the case. It also appears from the record that the petitioner was a literate person. She was able to read and write. Therefore, in case of any doubt, the court could have asked her to communicate her words in writing. The court could have also cleared its doubts from the mother of the petitioner by putting the questions to her in exercise of its power under section 165 of the Evidence Act. Without taking recourse to such means, the Family Court rejected the petition declining to grant maintenance allowance to the petitioner and her daughter which is unacceptable.

Citations :

Other Sources :

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50658253/

Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and Anr on 14 Oct 1999

Posted on May 13 by ShadesOfKnife

A Division bench of the Supreme Court held as follows,

“6………………In our view, validity of the marriage for the purpose of summary proceeding under Section 125 Cr.P.C. is to be determined on the basis of the evidence brought on record by the parties. The standard of proof of marriage in such proceeding is not as strict as is required in a trial of offence under section 494 of the I.P.C. If the claimant in proceedings under Section 125 of the Code succeeds in showing that she and the respondent have lived together as husband and wife, the Court can presume that they are legally wedded spouses, and in such a situation, the party who denies the marital status can rebut the presumption………………”

Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and Anr on 14 Oct 1999

Citations : [1999 ACR SC 3 2547], [1999 AIR SC 3348], [1999 ALD CRI 2 955], [1999 ALR 37 733], [2000 ALT CRI 1 29], [1999 CALLT SC 3 61], [2000 CLT SC 89 167], [1999 GLH 2 1037], [1999 JT SC 8 329], [2000 LW CRL 1 218], [2000 PLJR 1 61], [2000 RLW SC 1 23], [1999 SCALE 6 579], [1999 SCC 7 675], [1999 SUPP SCR 3 684], [1999 SCC CRI 1345], [1999 SUPREME 8 602], [2000 CRLJ 0 1], [1999 RCR CRIMINAL 4 577], [2000 CRI LJ 0 1], [2000 OCR SC 18 348], [1999 AIR SC 3844], [2000 BOMCR CRI SC 731], [1999 CRIMES SC 3 206], [2000 LW CRL 1 217], [2000 CRLJ SC 1], [1999 AIR SCW 3844]

Other Sources :

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/305700/

https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ad5ee4b0149711411339

R D Vs B D on 31 July, 2019

Posted on August 21, 2019 by ShadesOfKnife

Another dirty judgment, this time from High Court of Delhi.

R D Vs B D on 31 July, 2019

Ajay Bhardwaj Vs Jyotsana and others on 23 November, 2016

Posted on January 6, 2019 by ShadesOfKnife

Just read this judgment from P&H HC which held that, even thought when there is a subsisting marriage under HMA, living-together with another man or giving birth to twins with him, can be termed as marriage-like relationship.

Ajay Bhardwaj Vs Jyotsana and others on 23 November, 2016

Journey through the years – Section 125 CrPC

Posted on December 31, 2018 by ShadesOfKnife

This is to chronicle the journey of the Section 125 CrPC through the years from its enactment.

All Amendments to Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of India

Posted on December 18, 2018 by ShadesOfKnife

Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) is the general procedural law of India and below are the amendments made to this law over the period.

S. No.	Short title of amending legislation	Act No.	Act Year	Modification or Addition Brought In	Which Party in Central/State Government
1	The Repealing and Amending Act, 1974	56	1974	Nothing useful in particular.	Indira Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
2	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1978	45	1978	Amendment to 468 CrPC: Period of limitation for related offences which may be tried together	Morarji Desai (Janata Party)
3	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1980	63	1980	All proceedings under sections 108, 109 and 110 of CrPC, pending before any Judicial Magistrate of the first class immediately before the commencement of this Act shall, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, be dealt with as if this Act had not been enacted	Indira Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
4	The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1983, wiki	43	1983	In the backdrop of Mathura Custodial rape case, sections to prevent/tackle such abuse are brought in.	Indira Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
5	The Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act, 1983	46	1983	Introduction of Sec 498A IPC, Sec 198A CrPC and Sec 113A of Evidence Act Amendment to Sections 174 and 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973	Indira Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
6	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1988	32	1988	Nothing useful in particular.	Rajiv Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
7	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1990	10	1990	Insertion of 166A: Letter of request to competent authority for investigation in a country or place outside India Insertion of 166B: Letter of request from a country or place outside India to a Court or an authority for investigation in India.	Vishwanath Pratap Singh (Indian National Congress)
8	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1991	43	1991	Nothing useful in particular.	P.V. Narasimha Rao (Indian National Congress)
9	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1993	40	1993	New chapter VVIA introduced with provisions (150A-150L) relating to bringing back proceeds of crime from outside India.	P.V. Narasimha Rao (Indian National Congress)
10	The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1993	42	1993	Kidnapping for Ransom	P.V. Narasimha Rao (Indian National Congress)
11	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001	50	2001	Ceiling of Rs.500/- was removed. Introduction of interim maintenance along with expenses of proceedings Disposal of interim maintenance application within sixty days	Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Bharatiya Janata Party)
11	Code of Criminal Procedure (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 2003	11	2003	Sections 494 and 498A of IPC are added to the list of Compoundable offence u/s 320 Cr.P.C.	N. Chandrababu Naidu (Telugu Desam Party)
12	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005	25	2005	No woman shall be arrested after sunset and before sunrise Sec 50A(1): Every police officer or other person making an arrest under this code shall forthwith give the information regarding such arrest and place where the arrested person is held to any of his friends, relatives or such persons as may be disclosed or nominated by the arrested person for the purpose of giving such information. Examination includes DNA-profiling Sec 144A: Power to prohibit carrying arms in possession or mass drill or mass training with arms. Sec 164A: Medical examination of the victim of rape Sec 291A: Identification report of Magistrate Sec 311A: Power of Magistrate to order a person to give specimen signatures or handwriting Sec 436A: Maximum period for which as undertrial prisoner can be detained Sec 441A: Declaration by sureties Increase of fines across many sections	Dr. Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress)
13	The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005	2	2006	Sec 195A: Threatening or inducing any person to give false evidence Introduction of new chapter XXIA: Plea bargaining, (265A-265L CrPC) Amendment to 340 CrPC	Dr. Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress)
14	The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Amending Act, 2006	25	2006	Different dates for effectiveness for different provisions of CrPC (Amendment) Act 2005	Dr. Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress)
15	Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2008	5	2009	Introduction of Sec 41A-41D CrPC: Notice of appearance before police officer Introduction of recording statements/confessions in audio-video electronic means via provisos u/s 161, 164 and 275 CrPC Sec 195A CrPC: Procedure for witnesses in case of threatening etc A witness of any other person may file a complaint in relation to an offence under section 195A of Indian Penal Code. No adjournment should be granted at the request of a party, except where the circumstances are beyond the control of that party Filing of WS under 313 CrPC Sec 357A CrPC: Victim Compensation Scheme	Dr. Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress)
16	Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2010	41	2010	Powers of Police without warrant	Dr. Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress)
17	Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, wiki	13	2013	In the aftermath of Nirbhaya gang rape case, New sections for Sexual harassment, 354A-354D Sec 357B and 357C CrPC: Rape Victim Compensation Scheme New sections for Trafficking of persons, 370 and 370A Bulk of sections for rape u/s 376 IPC, (376A-376E) New offence u/s 166A was inserted into IPC which can be invoke against police if they violate laws. Per the new Explanation given to sec 197 CrPC, no sanction is required to prosecute the police.	Dr. Manmohan Singh (Indian National Congress)
18	Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018, wiki	22	2018	In the aftermath of the Kathua gang rape and murder case, key Acts are amended. Highlights are (a) punishment for the offence of rape from the minimum imprisonment of seven years to ten years, which is extendable to imprisonment for life; (b) punishment for the offence of rape on a woman under sixteen years of age shall be rigorous imprisonment for a term not less than twenty years but may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life and shall also be liable to fine; (c) punishment for the offence of rape on a woman under twelve years of age shall be rigorous imprisonment for a term not less than twenty years but may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life and with fine or with death; (d) punishment for the offence of gang rape on a woman under sixteen years of age shall be imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life and with fine; (e) punishment for the offence of gang rape on a woman under twelve years of age shall be imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life and with fine or with death; (f) investigation in relation to all rape cases shall be completed within a period of two months from the date on which the information recorded by the officer- in-charge of the police station; (g) completion of inquiry or trial relating to the offence of rape, within a period of two months; (h) dispose of an appeal against a conviction or acquittal in rape cases within a period of six months from the date of filing of the appeal; (i) the provisions of anticipatory bail shall not be applicable in cases of rape or gang rape of woman under sixteen and twelve years of age; (j) consequential amendments in the Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 relating to the cases of rape, gang rape of the woman below the age of sixteen years, twelve years, repeat offenders, to extend the applicability of compulsory registration of FIRs, fine imposed to be paid to victim, facilitate better recording of evidence and protect the dignity of rape survivor and treatment free of cost in hospitals.	Narendra Damodardas Modi (Bharatiya Janata Party)

Any new amendments will be updated as and when available.

The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001

Posted on December 18, 2018 by ShadesOfKnife

This is the amendment to CrPC that removed the ceiling of Rs.500/- under the 125 CrPC. And this is the amendment that brought in ‘interim maintenance and expenses of proceeding’. A proviso is introduced which talk about disposal of interim maintenance application under 125 CrPC within 60 days. Of course, 127 CrPC is similarly screwed. And 128 CrPC is altered.

The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001

All the amendments made to the CrPC are available here.

Rachna Kathuria Vs Ramesh Kathuria on 30 August, 2010

Posted on December 8, 2018 by ShadesOfKnife

In this judgment from Hon’ble Delhi High Court, it was held that “If a woman living separate from her husband had already filed a suit claiming maintenance and after adjudication maintenance has been determined by a competent court either in Civil Suit or by Court of MM in an application under Section 125 Cr.P.C. she does not have a right to claim additional maintenance under the

Act. The Court of MM under the Act has power to grant maintenance and monetary reliefs on an interim basis in a fast track manner only in those cases where woman has not exercised her right of claiming maintenance either under Civil Court or under Section 125 Cr.P.C.”

Why PWDV Act?

Also held “It must be understood that the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 does not create any additional right to claim maintenance on the part of the aggrieved person. It only puts the enforcement of existing right of maintenance available to an aggrieved person on fast track.”

Rachana Khaturia Vs Ramesh Kathuria on 30 August, 2010

Minakshi Gaur Vs Chitranjan Gaur

Posted on December 1, 2018 by ShadesOfKnife

In this judgment from Apex Court, it was held that, despite the wife was a working lady and had income from properties, “Since both the wife and husband are residing at Agra. In our view, it is not possible for the wife to maintain herself in the town of Agra with the income of less than Rupees nine thousand per month. The husband, who is earning at least Rupees Twenty thousand per month, as stated by the appellant in this appeal and not controverted, is liable to pay some amount of maintenance to the wife so that she may be able to maintain herself. In the facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the view that it would be just and expedient to direct the husband to pay Rupees five thousand per month to the wife by way of maintenance from the date of filing of the petition under Section 125 Cr.P.C.”

This is the installment scheme devised by Apex Court, which goes into future installments too.

“Respondent No.1 is directed to pay maintenance at the rate of Rupees five thousand per month from 1st November, 1998 till 31st July, 2008 in the following manner:
By 31st August, 2008, Rupees fifty thousand;
By 30th September, 2008, Rupees fifty thousand;
By 31st October, 2008, Rupees fifty thousand;
By 31st November, 2008, Rupees One lakh fifty thousand;
By 31st December, 2008, Rupees One lakh fifty thousand;
By 31st January, 2009, the balance amount.”

Minakshi Gaur Vs Chitranjan Gaur and Anr on 29 July, 2008

Then, in just over 6 months, a settlement is arrived at by the parties and per the settlement terms, all cases between them are quashed in one fell swoop. Read Pages 2 and 3.

Minakshi Gaur Vs Chitranjan Gaur and Anr on 06 February, 2009

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijaya Manohar Arbat Vs Kashi Rao Rajaram Sawai And Anr on 18 February, 1987

Posted on December 1, 2018 by ShadesOfKnife

In this landmark judgment from Hon’ble Apex Court, it was held that a daughter (not just a son) is also liable to pay maintenance to her parents under 125 CrPC read with Sec 8 of IPC.

The lower court which is Bombay High Court has given this order here, was later on confirmed by the Apex Court.

This has a precedence from a Kerala high Court judgment available here and one subsequent judgment of High Court of AP here.

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijaya Manohar Arbat Vs Kashi Rao Rajaram Sawai And Anr on 18 February, 1987

Citation: 1987 AIR 1100, 1987 SCR (2) 331, 1987 SCC (2) 278, JT 1987 (3) 46, 1987 SCALE (1)379

Shades of Knife

True Colors of a Vile Wife

Tag: CrPC 125 – Order for Maintenance of Wives Children and Parents

Pritilata Majumder Vs Krishnapada Majumder on 23 Apr 2021

Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and Anr on 14 Oct 1999

R D Vs B D on 31 July, 2019

Ajay Bhardwaj Vs Jyotsana and others on 23 November, 2016

Journey through the years – Section 125 CrPC

All Amendments to Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of India

The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001

Rachna Kathuria Vs Ramesh Kathuria on 30 August, 2010

Minakshi Gaur Vs Chitranjan Gaur

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijaya Manohar Arbat Vs Kashi Rao Rajaram Sawai And Anr on 18 February, 1987