Rajesh Chaddha Vs State of Uttar Pradesh on 13 May 2025 – Judgement Summary

Posted on March 13 by Suprajaa Rajan

In Rajesh Chaddha v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the Supreme Court held that vague and omnibus allegations cannot sustain a conviction under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.

The Court examined a case where the husband challenged his conviction for alleged cruelty and dowry demand. The prosecution mainly relied on the testimony of the complainant and her father. However, the Court found that the allegations lacked specific dates, incidents, and supporting evidence. Moreover, the complainant failed to produce medical records to support allegations of assault or miscarriage.

Therefore, the Court reiterated that criminal courts must rely on clear, specific, and credible evidence. Mere general accusations cannot justify a conviction under Section 498A IPC.

“In the present case, the allegations made by the Complainant are vague, omnibus and bereft of any material particulars to substantiate this threshold. Apart from claiming that Appellant husband harassed her for want of dowry, the Complainant has not given any specific details or described any particular instance of harassment.”

“It is alleged that the Complainant suffered a miscarriage… however, no medical document from any medical institution or hospital or nursery was produced to substantiate the allegations.”

“Apart from the statements of PW-1 and PW-2, there is no evidence to substantiate the allegations of harassment and acts of cruelty within the scope of Section 498A of IPC, and Section 4 of the D.P. Act, 1961.”

“This growing tendency to append every relative of the husband casts serious doubt on the veracity of the allegations made by the Complainant wife or her family members and vitiates the very objective of a protective legislation.”

Decision of the Court

Ultimately, the Supreme Court found that the prosecution failed to prove cruelty or dowry demand with reliable evidence. The allegations remained vague and unsupported by independent proof.

Therefore, the Court allowed the appeal, set aside the conviction under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, and acquitted the appellant of all charges.

Rajesh Chaddha Vs State of UP on 13 May 2025

Citation :2025 INSC 671

Other Sources :

Index of Dowry Prohibition Act Judgments is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Life Cycle Stages of a Defamation Case

Posted on March 13 by Suprajaa Rajan

A Step-by-Step Guide to Defamation Proceedings Under Indian Law

Understanding the Life Cycle Stages of a defamation case helps individuals protect their reputation and pursue legal remedies when someone harms their reputation through false statements.

Defamation occurs when a person makes or publishes a false statement that harms another person’s reputation in the eyes of society. Indian law recognises defamation as both a civil wrong (tort) and a criminal offence.

Criminal defamation is defined under Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, which corresponds to Section 356 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS). The punishment for defamation appears under Section 500 IPC, which corresponds to Section 356(2) BNS.

Furthermore, the procedural aspects of criminal defamation cases follow the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS).

The following stages explain the complete life cycle of a criminal defamation case in India.

1. Legal Foundation of Defamation Law

First, it is important to understand the legal framework governing defamation in India.

Under Section 499 IPC / Section 356 BNS, defamation occurs when a person makes or publishes any imputation concerning another person with the intention of harming their reputation.

However, the law also recognises several exceptions. For instance, statements made in good faith for public interest or fair criticism of public conduct may not amount to defamation.

If a statement satisfies the legal ingredients of defamation and does not fall under any exception, the aggrieved person may initiate legal proceedings.

2. Stage One: Occurrence of a Defamatory Statement

Typically, a defamation dispute begins when a person publishes or communicates a harmful statement about another person.

The defamatory statement may appear in various forms. For example, it may appear in newspapers, online posts, social media content, speeches, or written communications.

If the statement damages the reputation of the affected person in the eyes of others, it may constitute defamation.

However, the aggrieved person must demonstrate that the statement is false and that it has caused reputational harm.

3. Stage Two: Identification and Documentation of Defamatory Content

After the defamatory statement becomes known, the aggrieved person must identify and document the content carefully.

For example, the person may collect copies of newspaper publications, screenshots of online posts, or recordings of speeches containing the defamatory statement.

Proper documentation plays an important role because the complainant must later produce this material as evidence before the court.

Therefore, preserving the defamatory material becomes an essential early step in the case.

4. Stage Three: Issuing a Legal Notice (Optional but Common)

Before initiating formal proceedings, the aggrieved person may issue a legal notice to the alleged defamer.

The notice typically demands that the person withdraw the defamatory statement and issue a public apology.

Additionally, the notice may warn that failure to comply will lead to legal proceedings for defamation.

Although the law does not always require such notice, many parties use it to resolve disputes without litigation.

5. Stage Four: Filing of Criminal Complaint Before Magistrate

If the dispute remains unresolved, the aggrieved person may file a criminal complaint for defamation before the appropriate Magistrate.

The complaint alleges the commission of the offence under Section 499 IPC / Section 356 BNS, punishable under Section 500 IPC / Section 356(2) BNS.

Criminal defamation cases generally proceed as private complaints, where the aggrieved person directly approaches the Magistrate.

The Magistrate then examines the complaint and supporting material.

6. Stage Five: Examination of Complainant by the Magistrate

After receiving the complaint, the Magistrate examines the complainant and any supporting witnesses.

This examination occurs under Section 200 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which corresponds to Section 223 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

During this stage, the Magistrate records the complainant’s statement under oath.

The purpose of this stage is to determine whether the complaint contains sufficient grounds to proceed further.

7. Stage Six: Inquiry or Investigation by the Magistrate

Next, the Magistrate may conduct a preliminary inquiry to verify the allegations.

This stage occurs under Section 202 CrPC, which corresponds to Section 225 BNSS.

The Magistrate may examine additional witnesses or review documents to determine whether the case merits further proceedings.

This stage prevents frivolous complaints from proceeding to trial.

8. Stage Seven: Issuance of Process Against the Accused

If the Magistrate finds sufficient grounds, the court issues summons to the accused person.

This stage occurs under Section 204 CrPC, which corresponds to Section 227 BNSS.

The summons directs the accused to appear before the court on a specified date.

Once the accused appears before the court, the criminal proceedings formally begin.

9. Stage Eight: Appearance of Accused and Trial Proceedings

After receiving the summons, the accused appears before the Magistrate either personally or through legal counsel.

The court explains the allegations relating to the offence of defamation under Section 500 IPC / Section 356 BNS.

If the accused denies the allegations, the matter proceeds to trial.

During the trial, both parties receive the opportunity to present their evidence.

10. Stage Nine: Evidence and Cross-Examination

At this stage, the complainant presents evidence supporting the allegations of defamation.

For example, the complainant may produce the defamatory publication, witness testimony, and other documentary evidence.

The accused then cross-examines the complainant’s witnesses.

After the complainant completes evidence, the accused may present defence evidence. The defence may rely on statutory exceptions such as truth, public interest, or fair comment.

11. Stage Ten: Final Arguments

After completion of evidence, both parties present their final arguments before the Magistrate.

The complainant argues that the accused intentionally published defamatory statements that harmed reputation.

Conversely, the accused attempts to establish that the statement was true, made in good faith, or protected by legal exceptions.

The court carefully evaluates the evidence, legal provisions, and applicable precedents.

12. Stage Eleven: Judgment and Sentencing

Finally, the Magistrate delivers the judgment after considering the entire record.

If the court finds the accused guilty, it may impose punishment under Section 500 IPC / Section 356(2) BNS.

The punishment may include imprisonment, fine, or both.

However, if the court finds insufficient evidence or accepts a valid legal defence, it may acquit the accused.

13. Appeal and Post-Judgment Remedies

After the judgment, the aggrieved party may challenge the decision before the appellate court.

The appellate court reviews the legality and correctness of the judgment.

Depending on the facts of the case, the appellate court may confirm, modify, or set aside the decision of the trial court.

Conclusion

Defamation law plays an important role in protecting the reputation and dignity of individuals. False and malicious statements can seriously harm a person’s social standing and professional life.

Therefore, Indian law provides a structured mechanism under Section 499 IPC / Section 356 BNS to address such misconduct.

Understanding the life cycle of a defamation case helps individuals take appropriate legal action and protect their reputation through lawful means.

Other Life Cycles: DV Case Lifecycle || Maintenance Case u/s 125 CrPC Lifecycle. Index is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Regular Bail Application Format (Section 437/439 CrPC)

Posted on March 12 by Suprajaa Rajan

In criminal proceedings, the right to seek bail becomes crucial once a person is arrested or taken into custody. A regular bail application allows the accused to request release from judicial custody while the trial or investigation continues. Therefore, understanding the proper format and legal basis of a regular bail application is essential for both litigants and legal practitioners.

This guide explains the procedure for filing a regular bail application under Sections 437 and 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC)

Legal Provisions Governing Regular Bail

Regular bail applications are governed by the following provisions:

Under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

Section 437 CrPC – Bail in non-bailable offences by Magistrate
Section 439 CrPC – Special powers of High Court or Court of Session regarding bail

Corresponding Provisions under BNSS, 2023

Section 480 BNSS – Bail in non-bailable offences by Magistrate
Section 483 BNSS – Special powers of High Court or Court of Session regarding bail

Thus, once an accused person is arrested and produced before a court, they may apply for regular bail before the Magistrate or Sessions Court depending on the circumstances of the case.

What is a Regular Bail Application?

A regular bail application is filed after a person has been arrested or remanded to custody. Through this application, the accused seeks release from custody on the assurance that they will cooperate with the investigation and appear before the court whenever required.

Unlike anticipatory bail, which is sought before arrest, regular bail is filed after the arrest has already taken place.

When Can Regular Bail Be Filed?

A regular bail application can be filed in the following situations:

After the arrest of the accused
When the accused is remanded to judicial custody
When the accused is produced before the Magistrate for remand
When the Sessions Court or High Court exercises special powers to grant bail

Therefore, filing a properly drafted bail application becomes an essential step in securing the liberty of the accused during criminal proceedings.

Important Factors Considered by Courts While Granting Bail

While deciding a regular bail application, courts generally consider several factors. For instance:

Nature and gravity of the alleged offence
Role of the accused in the alleged crime
Possibility of tampering with evidence
Likelihood of influencing witnesses
Criminal antecedents of the accused
Chances of the accused absconding

Consequently, a well-drafted bail application should clearly address these factors and demonstrate why continued detention is unnecessary.

Essential Elements of a Regular Bail Application

Before drafting the application, it is important to include certain key details:

Name and address of the accused
Details of the FIR and police station
Sections of law invoked
Date of arrest and custody details
Grounds for seeking bail
Undertaking to cooperate with investigation
Assurance not to tamper with evidence or influence witnesses

Including these elements ensures that the application remains clear, legally sound, and procedurally correct.

Sample Draft Format – Regular Bail Application

Below is a simple format commonly used for filing a regular bail application before a Magistrate or Sessions Court.

Sample Draft – Regular Bail Application (Section 437/439 CrPC | Section 480/483 BNSS)

BEFORE THE HONOURABLE COURT OF [MAGISTRATE/SESSIONS] AT [CITY]

Criminal Miscellaneous Application

In the matter of:

[Name of Applicant/Accused]
…Applicant

Versus

State of [State]
…Respondent

APPLICATION FOR REGULAR BAIL UNDER SECTION 437/439 CrPC
(READ WITH SECTION 480/483 BNSS)

Most Respectfully Submitted:

1. That the Applicant has been arrested in connection with FIR No. [____] registered at [Police Station] for offences alleged under Sections [____].

2. That the Applicant is innocent and has been falsely implicated in the present case.

3. That the Applicant is a law-abiding citizen and has deep roots in society.

4. That the Applicant has no criminal antecedents and has always cooperated with lawful authorities.

5. That the Applicant undertakes to cooperate with the investigation and appear before the court whenever required.

6. That the Applicant undertakes not to tamper with evidence or influence any witnesses.

7. That continued detention of the Applicant is unnecessary and would cause irreparable hardship.

8. That the Applicant is willing to comply with any conditions that may be imposed by this Hon’ble Court.

PRAYER

In view of the facts and circumstances stated above, it is most respectfully prayed that this Hon’ble Court may be pleased to grant regular bail to the Applicant in connection with the aforesaid case.

Place: [City]
Date: [Date]

Counsel for the Applicant
[Signature]

Drafting Tip

While drafting a bail application, it is advisable to clearly highlight the absence of criminal antecedents, willingness to cooperate with investigation, and lack of necessity for continued detention. These factors often play a crucial role in persuading the court to grant bail.

Disclaimer

This template is provided for educational and informational purposes only. Legal drafts should always be tailored to the specific facts of each case and applicable law.

Index of Legal Templates and Drafting is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Can You Travel Abroad After an FIR Is Registered? – Legal Position Explained

Posted on March 12 by Suprajaa Rajan

A common concern among individuals facing criminal allegations is whether they can travel abroad after a First Information Report (FIR) has been registered against them. The answer depends on several factors, including the stage of the investigation, court orders, and whether any restrictions have been imposed by law enforcement authorities.

Under Indian law, registration of an FIR does not automatically prohibit a person from travelling abroad. However, certain legal and procedural circumstances may restrict international travel. Therefore, it is important to understand the legal framework governing such situations.

This article explains the legal position regarding foreign travel after registration of an FIR, the role of investigating agencies, and the remedies available before courts.

Understanding the Nature of an FIR

An FIR is the first step in the criminal justice process. It is a document recorded by the police under
Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
when information regarding the commission of a cognizable offence is received.

The purpose of an FIR is to initiate investigation by the police. Importantly, registration of an FIR does not amount to proof of guilt, nor does it automatically impose restrictions on the liberty of the accused.

Therefore, merely because an FIR has been registered does not mean that a person loses the right to travel abroad.

Situations Where Foreign Travel May Be Restricted

Although the law does not automatically prohibit travel, certain circumstances may lead to restrictions.

1. Issuance of a Look Out Circular (LOC)

Investigating agencies may request the authorities to issue a Look Out Circular (LOC) when they believe that a person may attempt to evade investigation or leave the country.

A Look Out Circular alerts immigration authorities at airports and border checkpoints to detain or inform investigating agencies if the person attempts to travel abroad.

LOCs are usually issued in serious criminal matters or where the accused is absconding or avoiding investigation.

2. Court-Imposed Travel Restrictions

Courts often impose travel restrictions when granting bail. For instance, while granting bail under
Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
or
Section 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
the court may direct the accused not to leave the country without prior permission of the court.

Such conditions are imposed to ensure that the accused remains available during the investigation and trial.

3. Seizure of Passport

In some cases, courts may direct the accused to deposit their passport with the investigating officer or the court. This prevents the accused from travelling abroad without obtaining permission.

However, courts may allow temporary release of the passport if sufficient reasons are shown.

4. Pending Investigation in Serious Offences

In serious criminal cases involving large financial frauds, economic offences, or national security concerns, investigating agencies may request restrictions on foreign travel.

Courts examine whether the accused may evade the legal process or influence the investigation before deciding whether such restrictions are justified.

Judicial Approach Toward Personal Liberty

Indian courts have repeatedly emphasised that personal liberty must not be restricted unnecessarily.

The Supreme Court in
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
recognised that the right to travel abroad forms part of the right to personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution.

Therefore, restrictions on international travel must be reasonable, lawful, and proportionate.

Courts generally balance two competing interests:

The individual’s right to personal liberty, and
The state’s interest in ensuring proper investigation and trial.

Seeking Court Permission for Foreign Travel

If travel restrictions have been imposed, the accused may apply to the court seeking permission to travel abroad.

Courts typically consider several factors before granting such permission, including:

Nature of the allegations
Stage of investigation or trial
Past conduct of the accused
Purpose of travel (employment, medical reasons, family obligations, etc.)

If the court is satisfied that the accused will return and cooperate with the proceedings, it may allow travel subject to certain conditions.

Conditions Commonly Imposed by Courts

When permitting foreign travel, courts may impose safeguards such as:

Providing travel itinerary and contact details
Furnishing additional sureties
Depositing security amount
Undertaking to return within a specified period

These conditions ensure that the accused remains accountable to the court while exercising the right to travel.

What to Do if You Are Stopped at the Airport

In some situations, individuals may discover the existence of a Look Out Circular only when they are stopped at the airport.

If this occurs, the person may:

Contact the investigating officer to clarify the situation.
Approach the appropriate court to seek directions.
Challenge the Look Out Circular before the High Court if it is unjustified.

Courts have, in several cases, set aside LOCs where they were issued without proper justification or legal necessity.

Practical Legal Advice

If an FIR has been registered and you intend to travel abroad, it is advisable to:

Consult a lawyer before making travel arrangements
Verify whether any court order restricts travel
Confirm that no Look Out Circular has been issued
Seek court permission if required

Taking these steps in advance can help avoid unexpected legal complications at immigration checkpoints.

Conclusion

Registration of an FIR does not automatically bar an individual from travelling abroad. However, travel may be restricted if a Look Out Circular has been issued, the court has imposed conditions while granting bail, or the passport has been seized during investigation.

Indian courts recognise that the right to travel abroad forms part of personal liberty, and therefore restrictions must be justified by legitimate legal concerns.

Consequently, individuals facing criminal proceedings should ensure compliance with legal requirements and, where necessary, seek court permission before travelling internationally.

Index of Legal Strategies and Defence is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

False Domestic Violence Allegations – Legal Defence Strategy in India (A complete guide)

Posted on March 9 by Suprajaa Rajan

False allegations of domestic violence can have serious legal, social, and professional consequences. While the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 was enacted to protect women from genuine abuse, courts have also acknowledged that misuse of legal provisions may occur in certain cases.

Therefore, when a person faces false or exaggerated domestic violence allegations, it becomes crucial to adopt a structured legal defence strategy. A well-planned approach can help demonstrate the truth, challenge unsupported allegations, and protect the rights of the accused.

This article explains the legal framework governing domestic violence cases in India and the practical defence strategies that can be used when allegations are false or misleading.

Understanding Domestic Violence Law in India

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 provides civil remedies to women who experience abuse within a domestic relationship. The law allows courts to grant several types of relief, including:

Protection orders
Residence orders
Monetary relief (maintenance)
Compensation orders
Custody orders for children

Proceedings under the Act are usually conducted before a Magistrate Court and are meant to provide quick protection and relief to the aggrieved person.

However, because the law is broad in scope, allegations are sometimes exaggerated or unsupported by evidence. In such cases, the respondent must present a strong factual and legal defence.

Common Situations Where False Allegations Arise

False domestic violence allegations often emerge in the context of ongoing matrimonial disputes. For instance, such complaints may arise during:

Divorce proceedings
Maintenance disputes
Property conflicts between spouses
Child custody battles

In some situations, the complaint is filed as a litigation strategy to gain leverage in matrimonial negotiations. However, courts generally examine the credibility of allegations and the supporting evidence before granting relief.

Step 1: Carefully Examine the Domestic Violence Complaint

The first step in defending a false case is to analyse the complaint in detail.

Important aspects to examine include:

Specific allegations made against the respondent
Dates and locations of alleged incidents
Whether the allegations are vague or inconsistent
Whether other family members are unnecessarily implicated

Often, false complaints contain generalised accusations without specific details, which can be challenged before the court.

Step 2: Gather Documentary and Electronic Evidence

Evidence plays a critical role in defending domestic violence allegations. Therefore, the respondent should collect all relevant documentation that may contradict the claims.

Useful evidence may include:

Messages, emails, and call records
Photographs or videos
Travel records showing absence from the alleged location
Financial documents
Medical records

Such evidence can demonstrate that the alleged incidents did not occur or were misrepresented.

Step 3: Identify Contradictions in the Allegations

In many false cases, the complaint may contain inconsistent statements or factual contradictions.

For example:

Conflicting timelines of alleged incidents
Claims that contradict documentary evidence
Statements that differ from earlier complaints or legal pleadings

During cross-examination, highlighting these inconsistencies can significantly weaken the credibility of the allegations.

Step 4: Demonstrate the True Nature of the Relationship

Another important defence strategy is to present the actual circumstances of the marital relationship.

This may involve demonstrating:

Peaceful interactions between the spouses
Continued communication after the alleged incidents
Social or family events attended together

Such evidence can indicate that the relationship did not reflect the pattern of abuse alleged in the complaint.

Step 5: Challenge Monetary Relief or Maintenance Claims

Domestic violence complaints frequently include requests for monetary relief or maintenance.

However, courts consider:

The financial capacity of both parties
Existing maintenance orders in other proceedings
The actual needs of the claimant

Guidelines laid down in Rajnesh v. Neha require both parties to disclose income, assets, and liabilities to prevent exaggerated financial claims.

Step 6: Seek Discharge or Dismissal Where Appropriate

If the allegations are clearly baseless, the respondent may request the court to dismiss the complaint or drop certain respondents.

Courts often discharge family members who are falsely implicated without specific allegations.

Additionally, higher courts have repeatedly cautioned against the mechanical implication of multiple relatives in matrimonial disputes.

Step 7: Approach Higher Courts for Relief

In cases where the complaint is clearly malicious or legally unsustainable, the respondent may approach the High Court for relief.

Under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure – High Courts possess the authority to quash proceedings that amount to abuse of the legal process.

However, this remedy is generally used only when the allegations do not disclose any offence even if accepted at face value.

Importance of Legal Representation

Domestic violence cases often involve complex factual disputes and emotional allegations. Therefore, it is essential to obtain competent legal representation.

An experienced lawyer can:

Analyse the complaint strategically
Identify weak points in the allegations
Present documentary evidence effectively
Conduct cross-examination to expose inconsistencies

Professional legal assistance ensures that the defence is structured, credible, and legally sound.

Judicial Approach Toward Misuse of Matrimonial Laws

Indian courts have acknowledged concerns about misuse of certain matrimonial provisions. In the landmark case of Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar,
the Supreme Court emphasised the need to prevent unnecessary arrests in matrimonial disputes.

Such judicial observations highlight the importance of balancing the protection of genuine victims with safeguards against misuse of the law.

Conclusion

False domestic violence allegations can place an individual under significant legal and personal pressure. Nevertheless, courts rely heavily on evidence, consistency of statements, and factual credibility when evaluating such complaints.

Therefore, an effective defence strategy should focus on:

Careful examination of allegations
Strong documentary and electronic evidence
Identification of inconsistencies in the complaint
Demonstrating the true nature of the marital relationship

By presenting a clear, evidence-based defence, respondents can ensure that courts arrive at a fair and balanced decision based on facts rather than unverified allegations.

Index of Legal Strategies and Defence is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Life Cycle of a Perjury Case

Posted on March 9 by Suprajaa Rajan

A Step-by-Step Guide to Perjury Proceedings Under Indian Law

Understanding the procedural stages of a perjury case helps individuals appreciate the importance of truthful statements before courts. It also explains how courts address deliberate falsehoods during judicial proceedings.

Perjury refers to the act of intentionally giving false evidence or making a false statement under oath in a judicial proceeding. Indian law treats perjury as a serious offence because false evidence can obstruct the administration of justice.

The offence of giving false evidence is defined under Section 191 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, which corresponds to Section 227 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. Similarly, punishment for false evidence appears under Section 193 IPC, which corresponds to Section 229 BNS.

However, courts do not initiate perjury prosecution automatically. Instead, the procedural mechanism for prosecuting perjury appears under Section 340 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which corresponds to Section 379 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

Therefore, courts follow a structured legal process before prosecuting a person for perjury. The following stages explain the life cycle of a perjury case.

1. Legal Foundation of Perjury Proceedings

First, it is important to understand the statutory framework governing perjury. Indian law defines the offence of giving false evidence under Section 191 IPC / Section 227 BNS. This provision applies when a person knowingly makes a false statement under oath or during a legally binding declaration.

Furthermore, the law prescribes punishment under Section 193 IPC / Section 229 BNS for intentionally giving false evidence or fabricating evidence during judicial proceedings.

However, the court must follow a specific procedural safeguard before initiating prosecution. The procedure for initiating such prosecution appears under Section 340 CrPC / Section 379 BNSS.

Consequently, the court must determine whether prosecuting the offender serves the interests of justice.

2. Stage One: Occurrence of a False Statement or False Evidence

Typically, a perjury issue arises during an ongoing judicial proceeding. For instance, a party, witness, or deponent may submit an affidavit or give oral testimony before the court.

If that person knowingly makes a false statement regarding a material fact, the statement may constitute perjury.

However, not every incorrect statement amounts to perjury. Instead, the prosecution must establish that the person intentionally made a false statement with the objective of misleading the court.

Therefore, courts examine the intention and materiality of the statement carefully before taking further action.

3. Stage Two: Identification of False Evidence

Next, the court or an affected party may identify contradictions or inconsistencies in the statements made during the proceedings.

For example, later evidence may contradict an earlier affidavit or testimony. In such situations, the court may suspect that the person deliberately made a false statement.

Consequently, the affected party may bring this issue to the court’s attention. Typically, the party files an application seeking initiation of perjury proceedings under Section 340 CrPC / Section 379 BNSS.

This application must clearly demonstrate that the false statement was deliberate and materially affected the case.

4. Stage Three: Filing of an Application for Perjury Proceedings

After identifying the alleged false statement, the aggrieved party may file a formal application before the same court where the false statement occurred.

The application usually specifies the exact portion of the affidavit, pleading, or testimony that allegedly contains false information. Furthermore, the applicant must explain how the statement misled the court or interfered with the administration of justice.

The court then examines the application along with the entire record of the case.

5. Stage Four: Preliminary Inquiry by the Court

Subsequently, the court conducts a preliminary inquiry before initiating prosecution.

At this stage, the court examines the record of the proceedings and evaluates the nature of the alleged false statement. The court must determine whether the statement was knowingly false and whether it affected the outcome of the case.

Importantly, the court also evaluates whether initiating prosecution would serve the interests of justice. Courts avoid initiating perjury proceedings for minor or immaterial inaccuracies.

Therefore, this stage acts as a safeguard against unnecessary criminal prosecution.

6. Stage Five: Court’s Decision to Initiate Perjury Proceedings

If the court finds sufficient grounds, it may decide to initiate perjury proceedings under Section 340 CrPC / Section 379 BNSS.

At this stage, the court records a finding that prosecution appears necessary in the interests of justice. The court then directs the filing of a formal complaint before a competent Magistrate.

The court may also authorize an officer of the court to file the complaint.

Consequently, the matter moves from the original civil or criminal proceeding to a separate criminal prosecution.

7. Stage Six: Filing of Complaint Before the Magistrate

After the court passes the necessary order, the authorized officer files the complaint before the appropriate Judicial Magistrate.

The Magistrate then takes cognizance of the offence based on the court’s complaint. Subsequently, the Magistrate registers the criminal case against the accused person.

The court then issues summons directing the accused to appear before the court.

Thus, the perjury matter formally enters the criminal trial stage.

8. Stage Seven: Appearance of the Accused and Framing of Charges

After receiving the summons, the accused appears before the Magistrate.

The Magistrate explains the allegations relating to the offence of giving false evidence under Section 193 IPC / Section 229 BNS.

Next, the Magistrate examines the available material to determine whether sufficient grounds exist to proceed with the trial.

If the court finds adequate evidence, it frames formal charges against the accused. The accused then enters a plea of guilty or not guilty.

9. Stage Eight: Evidence and Trial

Once the trial begins, the prosecution presents evidence to prove that the accused intentionally gave false evidence.

For instance, the prosecution may produce affidavits, court records, and witness testimony to demonstrate the falsity of the statement.

Additionally, the accused has the right to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses. After the prosecution concludes its evidence, the accused may present defence evidence.

The defence may argue that the alleged false statement resulted from misunderstanding, mistake, or lack of intention.

10. Stage Nine: Final Arguments

After completion of the evidence stage, both parties present final arguments before the Magistrate.

The prosecution attempts to prove that the accused knowingly made a false statement with the intention to mislead the court.

Conversely, the defense attempts to demonstrate absence of intention or lack of material impact on the case.

The Magistrate carefully evaluates the evidence, statutory provisions, and legal precedents before delivering the judgment.

11. Stage Ten: Judgment and Sentencing

Finally, the Magistrate delivers the judgment after considering the entire record of the case.

If the court finds the accused guilty, it may impose punishment under Section 193 IPC / Section 229 BNS. The punishment may include imprisonment, fine, or both.

However, if the court finds insufficient evidence to establish intentional falsehood, it acquits the accused.

Thus, the judgment concludes the criminal trial stage of the perjury case.

12. Appeal and Post-Judgment Remedies

After the judgment, the aggrieved party may file an appeal before the appropriate appellate court.

The appellate court reviews the legality and correctness of the judgment. It may confirm, modify, or set aside the decision depending on the merits of the case.

Additionally, further remedies may be available before higher courts according to the applicable legal provisions.

Conclusion

Perjury proceedings play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the judicial system. False statements can seriously undermine the administration of justice and delay the resolution of disputes.

Therefore, Indian law provides a structured mechanism under Section 340 CrPC / Section 379 BNSS to identify and prosecute individuals who intentionally mislead the court.

Understanding the life cycle of a perjury case helps litigants recognise the serious consequences of making false statements in court. Ultimately, honesty and accuracy remain fundamental to the proper functioning of the justice system.

Other Life Cycles: DV Case Lifecycle || Maintenance Case u/s 125 CrPC Lifecycle. Index is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Asish Bera & Ors. v. The State of West Bengal & Anr on 30 Jan 2026

Posted on March 9 by Suprajaa Rajan

The Calcutta High Court held that criminal proceedings cannot continue when the complaint lacks specific material and shows serious inconsistencies. The Court found that the complainant had filed two complaints regarding the same alleged incident without proper explanation.

The Court also noted contradictions in the statements recorded during investigation. It observed that courts must prevent misuse of criminal law in matrimonial disputes. Exercising its inherent powers under Section 482 CrPC (Section 528 BNSS), the Court held that continuation of the proceedings would amount to abuse of the process of law and therefore quashed the case.

The following paragraphs explain the reasoning that led to the decision.

“On careful perusal of the materials on record, it can be found that the Opposite Party no. 2 lodged the complaint before Sagar Police Station… The subsequent complaint was filed before the Court of Learned ACJM at Ranaghat under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C… also in respect of the incident dated March 18, 2022.”

“No satisfactory explanation can be found as to why the de-facto complainant had to lodge two different complaint before different places in respect of self-same incident within a gap of 2 months.”

“It is also a settled law that in case it is found that the nature of complaint primarily found to be of vexatious and frivolous, the courts owes a duty to look into the other evidences collected and did not have to be confined within the content of the written complaint.”

“Therefore on the cumulative assessment of the entire facts and circumstances this Court do not find any material or sufficient material to allow the proceedings to continue further since it would otherwise be absolute abuse of the process of law.”

Decision

The Calcutta High Court allowed the criminal revision petition.

The Court quashed the criminal proceedings pending before the Magistrate. The Court held that continuation of the case would amount to abuse of the process of law.

Asish Bera and Ors Vs The State of West Bengal and Anr on 30 Jan 2026

Citation :2026:CHC-AS:134

Other Sources :

Index of Quash judgments is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Reshma T.R. Vs Ainish M on 26 Dec 2025 – Judgment Summary

Posted on March 9 by Suprajaa Rajan

The Kerala High Court considered a petition filed under its supervisory jurisdiction challenging an order of the Family Court concerning interim custody of a minor child. The petitioner sought judicial intervention regarding the custody arrangement ordered by the Family Court.

During the hearing, the petitioner sought permission to withdraw the petition. The Court examined whether the welfare or security of the child required judicial interference. The Court noted that the Family Court had granted interim custody of the child to the father and found no material to suggest that the child’s welfare was compromised.

The High Court held that no interference was necessary and permitted the petitioner to withdraw the petition.

“After arguing this matter for some time, Sri.A.K.Haridas-learned Counsel for the petitioner, sought permission to withdraw this original petition. He, however, added that his client’s interest is only to ensure that the child is safe and nothing more.”

“We do not find from the order that the security or welfare of the child has been compromised. In fact, the child has been given interim custody to her own father; and do not see why we should distrust him from taking care of her.”

“In such circumstances, we are also of the opinion that the best course forward to the petitioner is to withdraw this original petition.”

Decision

The Kerala High Court dismissed the original petition as withdrawn. The Court found no reason to interfere with the Family Court’s interim custody arrangement.

Reshma T.R Vs Ainish. M on 26 Dec 2025

Citation :2025:KER:98856

Other Sources :

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

Punjab tractors ltd Vs M/s International Traders ltd and Ors on 18 Sep 2009 – Judgment Summary

Posted on March 8 by Suprajaa Rajan

The Delhi High Court decided an important issue on perjury proceedings under Section 340 CrP (Section 379 BNSS).

The defendants sought prosecution of the plaintiff’s officials for allegedly filing fabricated drawings and false statements. The court examined whether the circumstances justified criminal prosecution for perjury during civil proceedings.

The judgment clarifies that courts must exercise extreme caution before initiating perjury proceedings. Courts should order prosecution only in clear cases where conviction appears likely.

The following paragraphs explain the court’s reasoning that led to the final decision.

“21. Formation of prima facie opinion that a person charged has intentionally given false evidence is a condition precedent for directing lodging of a complaint. The existence of mens rea or criminal intention behind act complained of will have to be looked into and considered before any action under Section 340 of the Cr.PC is recommended.”

“22. The affidavits of Mr. Manrao and Mr. Rihal aforesaid were in the nature of pleadings of the plaintiff. The court must be very cautious in its approach in prosecuting a person for making any statement claimed to be false in regard to a pleading, so that party’s right to plead freely is not curtailed.”

“23.It cannot also be lost sight of that in criminal prosecution there is waste of public funds and time of courts. For this reason also in every case of perjury the court would not mechanically take cognizance or direct prosecution. Prosecution should be ordered only when it is considered expedient and in the interest of justice to punish the delinquent.”

“24. There is yet another principle of law though relating to witnesses. A witness is entitled to an opportunity to correct himself. In the present case, Mr. Rihal during the cross examination admitted two mistakes in the drawings alleged to be fabricated. Mr. Rihal having corrected himself, ought not to be prosecuted.”

Decision

The Delhi High Court dismissed the defendants’ application under Section 340 CrPC (Section 379 BNSS).

The court held that the facts did not justify prosecution for perjury. The alleged discrepancies in drawings did not establish deliberate falsity or criminal intent.

The court also noted that excessive perjury prosecutions may defeat the purpose of justice.

Punjab Tractors Vs International Tractors on 18 Sep 2009

Citation :167 (2010) DLT 490

Other Sources :

Index of Perjury Judgements is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150

How to Defend Excessive Maintenance Claims in Matrimonial Cases

Posted on March 8 by Suprajaa Rajan

Maintenance disputes are among the most contested aspects of matrimonial litigation. Frequently, one spouse may claim maintenance that is significantly higher than the actual financial capacity of the other spouse. In such situations, it becomes essential to understand how the law evaluates maintenance claims and what legal strategies can be used to challenge excessive demands.

Therefore, defending an exaggerated maintenance claim requires a careful examination of financial records, legal principles, and factual circumstances. This article explains the legal framework governing maintenance in India and the practical strategies that can be used to contest excessive claims before the court.

Understanding Maintenance Under Indian Law

Maintenance is intended to provide financial support to a spouse who lacks sufficient means for sustenance. However, the objective of maintenance law is not to punish one spouse or provide an unjust enrichment to the other.

In India, maintenance may be claimed under several legal provisions, including:

Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
Section 24 and Section 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act
Section 20 of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act

These provisions aim to ensure that a financially dependent spouse is able to maintain a reasonable standard of living.

However, courts also recognise that maintenance must be proportionate to the paying spouse’s income and financial obligations.

Principles Considered by Courts While Determining Maintenance

Before awarding maintenance, courts usually evaluate several factors. These factors help ensure that the amount awarded is fair and balanced.

Some important considerations include:

Actual income of both spouses
Standard of living during the marriage
Financial liabilities of the respondent
Employment and earning capacity of the claimant
Number of dependents
Educational qualifications and work experience of the spouse claiming maintenance

The Supreme Court in Rajnesh v. Neha laid down detailed guidelines for determining maintenance, including mandatory disclosure of assets and liabilities by both parties.

These guidelines aim to prevent exaggerated or misleading maintenance claims.

Step 1: Demand Full Financial Disclosure

First and foremost, the respondent should insist on complete financial disclosure by the claimant spouse.

This may include:

Income tax returns
Bank statements
Salary slips
Investment records
Details of movable and immovable property

If the claimant is employed or earning independently, these records can significantly weaken an inflated maintenance claim.

Moreover, courts are increasingly strict about accurate disclosure of financial information.

Step 2: Challenge Incorrect Income Allegations

In many cases, the claimant spouse may overstate the respondent’s income. For example, allegations may be made that the respondent earns large amounts through business or undisclosed sources.

However, such allegations must be supported by documentary evidence.

Therefore, the respondent should submit:

Income tax returns
Salary certificates
Business financial statements
Loan repayment records

These documents help the court determine the actual earning capacity of the respondent.

Step 3: Highlight Financial Liabilities

Another important strategy is to demonstrate the existing financial responsibilities of the respondent.

Courts consider various liabilities such as:

Housing loans or personal loans
Responsibility for elderly parents
Educational expenses of children
Medical expenses of dependents

When these obligations are properly documented, the court may reduce the maintenance amount to a reasonable level.

Step 4: Show the Claimant’s Earning Capacity

Maintenance is generally awarded when the spouse is unable to maintain herself or himself independently. However, if the claimant is educated, professionally qualified, or capable of earning, courts may reduce or deny excessive maintenance claims.

For instance, if the claimant has:

Professional qualifications
Prior employment history
Independent income sources

the court may conclude that the claimant has the capacity to support themselves partially or fully.

Consequently, exaggerated maintenance demands may be rejected.

Step 5: Point Out Lifestyle Exaggeration

Sometimes, the claimant may attempt to justify a high maintenance demand by claiming an extremely luxurious lifestyle during marriage.

However, the court will examine whether such claims are realistic and supported by evidence.

Therefore, the respondent should present evidence such as:

Actual household expenses
Standard living conditions during marriage
Financial limitations faced during the relationship

This helps demonstrate that the maintenance claim is inflated beyond reality.

Step 6: Seek Interim Relief Modification

If the court has already granted interim maintenance, the respondent may apply for modification if the amount is unreasonable.

Modification may be sought when:

Financial circumstances change
New evidence regarding income emerges
The claimant conceals financial information

Courts may revise interim maintenance orders to ensure fairness.

Step 7: Expose Suppression of Income or Assets

In some cases, the claimant spouse may hide employment or assets while claiming maintenance.

If evidence of such concealment is produced, courts may:

Reduce the maintenance amount
Dismiss the claim
Impose costs

Therefore, conducting proper financial investigation and documentation becomes crucial.

Importance of Documentation in Maintenance Defence

Defending excessive maintenance claims largely depends on documentary evidence. Oral allegations rarely carry much weight unless supported by records.

Important documents include:

Income tax returns
Salary certificates
Bank statements
Loan documents
Property records
Employment history of the claimant spouse

When these records are properly presented, they provide the court with a realistic picture of the financial situation of both parties.

Conclusion

Maintenance laws aim to protect financially dependent spouses. However, they are not meant to enable unreasonable or inflated financial demands. Therefore, defending excessive maintenance claims requires a structured legal approach, accurate financial disclosure, and strategic presentation of evidence.

By demonstrating the true income, financial liabilities, and earning capacity of both spouses, the respondent can ensure that the court determines a fair and reasonable maintenance amount.

Ultimately, courts strive to strike a balance between financial support and fairness, ensuring that maintenance orders reflect genuine need rather than exaggerated claims.

Index of Legal Strategies and Defence is here.

Key Contributor :

Mrs. Suprajaa Rajan B.Com., LL.B., LL.M.

+91-9606345150